Serbia

In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. The monarchy remained in power until 1945, when the communist Partisans headed by Josip Broz (aka TITO) took control of the newly created Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). After TITO died in 1980, communism in Yugoslavia gradually gave way to resurgent nationalism. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia, and his calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992, and MILOSEVIC led military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions ultimately failed, and international intervention led to the signing of the Dayton Accords in 1995.

In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo resulted in a brutal Serbian counterinsurgency campaign. Serbia rejected a proposed international settlement, and NATO responded with a bombing campaign that forced Serbian forces to withdraw from Kosovo in June 1999. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. In 2006, Montenegro seceded and declared itself an independent nation. 

In 2008, Kosovo also declared independence -- an action Serbia still refuses to recognize. In 2013, Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. Serbia has been an official candidate for EU membership since 2012, and President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted the ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025.

44 00 N, 21 00 E

destructive earthquakes

slightly smaller than South Carolina

air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes in rivers; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified: None of the selected agreements

in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

0 km (landlocked)

Total: 2,322 km

Border countries (8): Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km; Bulgaria 344 km; Croatia 314 km; Hungary 164 km; Kosovo 366 km; North Macedonia 101 km; Montenegro 157 km; Romania 531 km

Agricultural land: 40.4% (2023 est.)

Arable land: 31% (2023 est.)

Permanent crops: 2.5% (2023 est.)

Permanent pasture: 6.6% (2023 est.)

Forest: 40.4% (2023 est.)

Other: 27.2% (2023 est.)

none (landlocked)

oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

Europe

550 sq km (2022)

162.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Note: Data includes Kosovo

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Highest point: Midzor 2,169 m

Lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m

Mean elevation: 442 m

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km

Note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Total : 77,474 sq km

Land: 77,474 sq km

Water: 0 sq km

0-14 years: 14.4% (male 492,963/female 463,995)

15-64 years: 65.6% (male 2,198,591/female 2,168,113)

65 years and over: 20% (2024 est.) (male 551,197/female 777,353)

At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total population: 99.3% (2022 est.)

Male: 99.6% (2022 est.)

Female: 99.1% (2022 est.)

Noun: Serb(s)

Adjective: Serbian

Total: 15 years (2022 est.)

Male: 14 years (2022 est.)

Female: 16 years (2022 est.)

Urban population: 57.1% of total population (2023)

Rate of urbanization: 0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Note: Data include Kosovo

Improved:

Urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 96.1% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 95.7% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved:

Urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 3.9% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 4.3% of population (2022 est.)

1.408 million BELGRADE (capital) (2023)

3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

5.4 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

28.2 years (2020 est.)

Note: Data does not cover Kosovo or Metohija

Improved:

Urban: 99.7% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 95.6% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 97.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved:

Urban: 0.3% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 4.4% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 2.1% of population (2022 est.)

Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)

Note: Most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population

Serbian Orthodox 81.1%, unknown 5.3%, Islam 4.2%, Catholic 3.9%, no response 2.5%, atheist 1.1%; less than 1%: other Christians, Protestant, agnostic (2022)

Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)

Major-language sample(s):
Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

10% of GDP (2021)

13.7% of national budget (2022 est.)

Women married by age 15: 1.2% (2019)

Women married by age 18: 5.5% (2019)

0.71 (2025 est.)

54.3% (2022 est.)

Total: 22.7% (2024 est.)

Male: 21.8% (2024 est.)

Female: 24.1% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Total: 44.1 years (2025 est.)

Male: 42.4 years

Female: 45.4 years

11 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

1.47 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Total: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Male: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Total: 36% (2025 est.)

Male: 37.8% (2025 est.)

Female: 34.5% (2025 est.)

21.5% (2016)

14.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

8.72 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

1% (2019 est.)

Total: 7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Beer: 3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine: 1.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits: 2.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols: 0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total population: 75.3 years (2024 est.)

Male: 72.7 years

Female: 78.1 years

3.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

8.4% national budget (2023 est.)

-0.6% (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio: 52.7 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio: 21.9 (2025 est.)

Elderly dependency ratio: 30.9 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio: 3.2 (2025 est.)

Total: 6,612,318 (2025 est.)

Male: 3,223,548

Female: 3,388,770

Municipal: 702 million cubic meters (2022)

Industrial: 3.967 billion cubic meters (2022)

Agricultural: 422 million cubic meters (2022)

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.347 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 1% (2022 est.)

21.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

44.782 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke: 27.743 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids: 11.665 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas: 5.374 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

91.884 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Alexander TITOLO (since January 2025)

Embassy: 92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade

Mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070

Telephone: [381] (11) 706-4000

FAX: [381] (11) 706-4481

Email address and website:
Belgradeacs@state.gov

https://rs.usembassy.gov/

117 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 28 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)

Municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada

Cities: Beograd (Belgrade), Bor, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Prokuplje, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*

Note: The northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities -- about 28% of Serbia's area -- compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with an asterisk

Name: Belgrade (Beograd)

Geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E

Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Etymology: The name comes from the Serbian words beo (white) and grad (city); it probably referred to the white stone of the city fortress

History: Many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006

Amendment process: Proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum

Chief of state: President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)

Head of government: Prime Minister Djuro MACUT (since 16 April 2025)

Cabinet: Cabinet elected by the National Assembly

Election/appointment process: President directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister elected by the National Assembly

Most recent election date: 17 December 2023

Election results:
2022: Aleksandar VUCIC reelected in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 60%, Zdravko PONOS (US) 18.9%, Milos JOVANOVIC (NADA) 6.1%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri-POKS) 4.5%, Milica DJURDJEVIC STAMENKOVSKI (SSZ) 4.3%, other 6.2%

2017: Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, other 7.3%, invalid/blank 1.6%; Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC reelected by the National Assembly on 5 October 2020; National Assembly vote - NA

Expected date of next election: 2028

Description: Three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white; the national coat of arms is shifted to the left side; the principal field of the coat of arms displays a two-headed white eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle is divided into four quarters by a white cross; a royal crown is on top of the coat of arms

Meaning: Red, blue, and white are the pan-Slav colors that represent freedom and revolutionary ideals; the eagle on a red shield represents the government; the smaller shield represents the country; the meaning and origin of the curved white symbols in each quarter are not clear

Note: The pan-Slav colors were inspired by Russia's flag

5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes established, later known as Yugoslavia)

Highest court(s): Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)

Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of  8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms

Subordinate courts: Basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts

civil law system

Legislature name: National Assembly (Narodna skupstina)

Legislative structure: Unicameral

Number of seats: 250 (all directly elected)

Electoral system: Proportional representation

Scope of elections: Full renewal

Term in office: 4 years

Most recent election date: 12/17/2023

Parties elected and seats per party: Aleksandar Vucic – Serbia Must Not Stop (129); Serbia Against Violence (65); Ivica Dacic - Prime Minister of Serbia (18); Dr Miloš Jovanović - Hope for Serbia (13); We – Voice of the People, Prof. Dr. Branimir Nestorovic (13); Other (12)

Percentage of women in chamber: 37.2%

Expected date of next election: December 2027

BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Note: Serbia is an EU candidate country and must complete accession criteria before being granted full membership

Statehood Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted

Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM or VMSZ 
Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina or DSHV 
Democratic Party or DS 
Ecological Uprising or EU 
Green - Left Front or ZLF 
Greens of Serbia or ZS 
Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS)
Movement for Reversal or PZP 
Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia or POKS 
Movement of Free Citizens or PSG 
Movement of Socialists or PS 
National Democratic Alternative or NADA (electoral coalition includes NDSS and POKS)
New Communist Party of Yugoslavia or NKPJ 
New Democratic Party of Serbia or NDSS or New DSS  (formerly Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS)
New Face of Serbia or NLS 
Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDAS 
Party of Freedom and Justice or SSP 
Party of United Pensioners, Farmers, and Proletarians of Serbia – Solidarity and Justice or PUPS - Solidarity and Justice (formerly Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS)
People's Movement of Serbia or NPS 
People's Movement of Serbs from Kosovo and Metohija or Fatherland 
People's Peasant Party or NSS 
Political Battle of the Albanians Continues 
Russian Party or RS 
Serbia Against Violence or SPN (electoral coalition includes DS, SSP, ZLF, Zajedno, NPS, PSG, EU, PZP, USS Sloga, NLS, Fatherland)
Serbia Must Not Stop (electoral coalitions includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, PS, NSS, USS)
Serbian People's Party or SNP 
Serbian Progressive Party or SNS 
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO 
Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS 
Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS 
Strength of Serbia or PSS 
Together or ZAJEDNO 
United Peasant Party or USS 
United Serbia or JS 
United Trade Unions of Serbia "Sloga" or USS Sloga 
We - The Voice from the People or MI-GIN 

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

parliamentary republic

Conventional long form: Republic of Serbia

Conventional short form: Serbia

Local long form: Republika Srbija

Local short form: Srbija

Former: People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia

Etymology: The country takes its name from the Serb people; the origin of their name is unclear but may derive from the Caucasian root word ser, meaning "man"

Chief of mission: Ambassador Dragan ŠUTANOVAC (since 24 July 2025)

Chancery: 1333 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036

Telephone: [1] (202) 507-8654

FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933

Email address and website:
Info@serbiaembusa.org

http://www.washington.mfa.gov.rs/

Consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York

Title: "Boze pravde" (God of Justice)

Lyrics/music: Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO

History: Adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872, and the Serbian people have used it as an anthem in the 20th and 21st centuries

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

white double-headed eagle

Citizenship by birth: No

Citizenship by descent only: At least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia

Dual citizenship recognized: Yes

Residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years

Total World Heritage Sites: 4 (all cultural)

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Stari Ras and Sopoćani; Studenica Monastery; Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius; Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards

red, blue, white

20% (2021 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Lowest 10%: 2.4% (2022 est.)

Highest 10%: 24.7% (2022 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

insulated wire, electricity, copper ore, plastic products, electric motors (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 15%, Hungary 7%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 5%, Italy 5%, Romania 5% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

maize, wheat, sugar beets, milk, sunflower seeds, soybeans, potatoes, barley, apples, plums (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Revenues: $26.077 billion (2022 est.)

Expenditures: $28.12 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

crude petroleum, natural gas, packaged medicine, plastic products, cars (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
108.208 (2024 est.)
108.403 (2023 est.)
111.662 (2022 est.)
99.396 (2021 est.)
103.163 (2020 est.)

automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

upper middle-income Balkan economy; current EU accession candidate; hit by COVID-19; pursuing green growth development; manageable public debt; new anticorruption efforts; falling unemployment; historic Russian relations; energy import-dependent

$89.084 billion (2024 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Household consumption: 62.7% (2024 est.)

Government consumption: 17.8% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital: 23.6% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories: 2% (2024 est.)

Exports of goods and services: 52.7% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services: -58.8% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Germany 12%, China 10%, Italy 7%, Turkey 5%, Hungary 5% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

On food: 24.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On alcohol and tobacco: 7.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

7.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
8.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
6.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

3.23 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

$21.726 billion (2023 est.)

Note: Present value of external debt in current US dollars

$30.484 billion (2024 est.)
$27.569 billion (2023 est.)
$20.68 billion (2022 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

7.4% (2024 est.)
8.3% (2023 est.)
8.5% (2022 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

23.9% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

$177.093 billion (2024 est.)
$170.482 billion (2023 est.)
$164.166 billion (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

4.7% (2024 est.)
12.4% (2023 est.)
12% (2022 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

-$1.947 billion (2023 est.)
-$4.457 billion (2022 est.)
-$2.654 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$26,900 (2024 est.)
$25,700 (2023 est.)
$24,600 (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

$48.158 billion (2023 est.)
$47.395 billion (2022 est.)
$39.476 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

$44.352 billion (2023 est.)
$39.905 billion (2022 est.)
$34.035 billion (2021 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

3.9% (2024 est.)
3.8% (2023 est.)
2.6% (2022 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

2.9% (2024 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Agriculture: 3.1% (2024 est.)

Industry: 23.3% (2024 est.)

Services: 58.5% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Production: 33.219 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption: 37.828 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports: 16,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports: 4.542 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves: 7.112 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels: 65.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Solar: 1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind: 2.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Hydroelectricity: 30.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Biomass and waste: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Production: 336.605 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Consumption: 2.886 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports: 2.471 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves: 48.139 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Total petroleum production: 13,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption: 88,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves: 77.5 million barrels (2021 est.)

Installed generating capacity: 8.202 million kW (2023 est.)

Consumption: 34.413 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Exports: 7.351 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports: 5.395 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses: 4.881 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Percent of population: 85% (2023 est.)

.rs

Total: 2.08 million (2023 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions: 2.485 million (2023 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions: 8.18 million (2024 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 124 (2024 est.)

Total: 3,333 km (2020) 1,274 km electrified

YU

46 (2025)

11 (2025)

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 2011 (2025)

Note: As of 2024, women made up about 11% of the military's full-time personnel

2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)
2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Army (aka Land Forces; includes Riverine Component, consisting of a naval flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard

Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs: Police Directorate (2025)

Note: The Serbian Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff; its duties include safeguarding key defense facilities and rendering military honors to top foreign, state, and military officials 

the Serbian military is responsible for defense and deterrence against external threats, supporting international peacekeeping operations, and providing support to civil authorities for internal security; specific areas of concerns for the military include ethnic and religious extremism, separatism, and deepening international recognition of Kosovo; Serbia has cooperated with NATO since 2006, when it joined the Partnership for Peace program, and the military trains with NATO countries, particularly other Balkan states; Serbia has participated in EU peacekeeping missions, as well as missions under the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the UN; it traditionally has maintained close security ties with Russia and has a growing security relationship with China

The modern Serbian military was established in 2006 but traces its origins back through World War II, World War I, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and the Bulgarian-Serb War of 1885 to the First (1804-1813) and Second (1815-1817) Uprisings against the Ottoman Empire (2025)

approximately 25,000 active-duty Armed Forces (15,000 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 5,000 other, including Serbian Guard) (2025)

the military's inventory consists of a mix of Soviet/Cold War-era and some more modern weapons systems from suppliers such as China, France, and Russia; Serbia has a defense industry focused on armored vehicles, artillery systems, and munitions (2025)

180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2025)

Refugees: 36,270 (2024 est.)

IDPs: 194,171 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons: 1,715 (2024 est.)

Total global geoparks and regional networks: 1

Global geoparks and regional networks: Djerdap (2023)

32.8 (2022 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality