Romania

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.

46 00 N, 25 00 E

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, but not ratified: None of the selected agreements

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

225 km

Total: 2,844 km

Border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km

Agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.)

Arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)

Permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)

Permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)

Forest: 30.2% (2023 est.)

Other: 14.5% (2023 est.)

Territorial sea: 12 nm

Contiguous zone: 24 nm

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, and the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Europe

5,280 sq km (2022)

212.01 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

Mean elevation: 414 m

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km

Note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Total : 238,391 sq km

Land: 229,891 sq km

Water: 8,500 sq km

0-14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)

15-64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)

65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)

At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total population: 99.2% (2021 est.)

Male: 99% (2021 est.)

Female: 99.3% (2021 est.)

Noun: Romanian(s)

Adjective: Romanian

Total: 14 years (2023 est.)

Male: 13 years (2023 est.)

Female: 14 years (2023 est.)

Urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)

Rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Improved:

Urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved:

Urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)

3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

7.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

27.1 years (2020 est.)

Total dependency ratio: 61.3 (2024 est.)

Youth dependency ratio: 24.9 (2024 est.)

Elderly dependency ratio: 36.4 (2024 est.)

Potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.)

Improved:

Urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 77.9% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 88.5% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved:

Urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 22.1% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)

Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)

Note: Data represent individuals who declared an ethnic group in the 2021 national census; 13% did not respond; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population

Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)

Note: Data represent individuals who declared a religion in the 2021 national census; 13.9% did not respond

Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)

Major-language sample(s):
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Note: Data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond

6.5% of GDP (2021)

11.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.79 (2024 est.)

56% (2021 est.)

Women married by age 15: 0.5% (2021)

Women married by age 18: 6.9% (2021)

Total: 21.3% (2024 est.)

Male: 21.1% (2024 est.)

Female: 21.8% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Total: 45.5 years (2024 est.)

Male: 44 years

Female: 46.9 years

12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

1.63 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.)

Male: 8,747,795

Female: 9,400,360

Total: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Total: 26.7% (2025 est.)

Male: 36.2% (2025 est.)

Female: 17.9% (2025 est.)

22.5% (2016)

14.6 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

8.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.)

Male: 73.4 years

Female: 80.5 years

3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

8.8% national budget (2022 est.)

-0.94% (2024 est.)

Municipal: 1.256 billion cubic meters (2022)

Industrial: 3.94 billion cubic meters (2022)

Agricultural: 2.955 billion cubic meters (2022)

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 5.42 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.)

14.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke: 13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids: 30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas: 17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025)

Embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118

Mailing address: 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC  20521-5260

Telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300

FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442

Email address and website:
ACSBucharest@state.gov

https://ro.usembassy.gov/

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Name: Bucharest

Geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E

Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Etymology: The name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner

History: Several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991

Amendment process: Initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended

Chief of state: President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)

Head of government: Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005)

Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

Election/appointment process: President directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament

Most recent election date: 18 May 2025

Election results:
2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4%

2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%

Expected date of next election: 2030

Note: The prime ministerial position will be rotated in 2027 from BOLOJAN to another coalition party member as part of a power-sharing agreement

Description: Three equal vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and red

Meaning: The colors come from the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania

History: Modeled on the French flag; the national coat of arms that used to be centered on the yellow band has been removed

Note: Similar to the flag of Chad, which has a darker blue band; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

Highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

Judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms

Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

civil law system

Legislature name: Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)

Legislative structure: Bicameral

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

Alliance for the Fatherland or APP 
Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD 
Civic Hungarian Party
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR 
Ecologist Party of Romania or PER 
Force of the Right or FD 
Greater Romania Party or PRM 
Green Party
National Liberal Party or PNL
Popular Movement Party or PMP 
PRO Romania or PRO
Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR 
Save Romania Union Party or USR 
Social Democratic Party or PSD 
Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)
S.O.S. Romania 
The Right Alternative or AD 
United Romania Party or PRU 
We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER 

18 years of age; universal

semi-presidential republic

Conventional long form: None

Conventional short form: Romania

Local long form: None

Local short form: Romania

Former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania

Etymology: The name derives from the Latin Romani, meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861

Chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)

Chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

Telephone: [1] (202) 332-4829

FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748

Email address and website:
Washington@mae.ro

https://washington.mae.ro/en

Consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

Title: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

Lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

History: Adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

golden eagle

Citizenship by birth: No

Citizenship by descent only: At least one parent must be a citizen of Romania

Dual citizenship recognized: Yes

Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Total World Heritage Sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)

blue, yellow, red

21.1% (2022 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Lowest 10%: 1.9% (2022 est.)

Highest 10%: 22.6% (2022 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Revenues: $93.691 billion (2022 est.)

Expenditures: $112.799 billion (2022 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

lei (RON) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
4.598 (2024 est.)
4.574 (2023 est.)
4.688 (2022 est.)
4.16 (2021 est.)
4.244 (2020 est.)

electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

$382.768 billion (2024 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Household consumption: 63.5% (2024 est.)

Government consumption: 18.3% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital: 25.7% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.)

Exports of goods and services: 35.6% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services: -41.7% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

On food: 25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On alcohol and tobacco: 6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
3% of GDP (2022 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

8.263 million (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

$73.391 billion (2024 est.)
$73 billion (2023 est.)
$55.81 billion (2022 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

50.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

note: central government debt as a % of GDP

5.4% (2024 est.)
5.6% (2023 est.)
5.7% (2022 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

16.2% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

$774.376 billion (2024 est.)
$768.126 billion (2023 est.)
$750.091 billion (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

5.7% (2024 est.)
10.4% (2023 est.)
13.8% (2022 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

-$31.988 billion (2024 est.)
-$24.461 billion (2023 est.)
-$27.326 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$40,600 (2024 est.)
$40,300 (2023 est.)
$39,400 (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

$159.575 billion (2024 est.)
$153.427 billion (2023 est.)
$149.209 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

$136.253 billion (2024 est.)
$136.488 billion (2023 est.)
$129.286 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

0.8% (2024 est.)
2.4% (2023 est.)
4% (2022 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

-0.9% (2024 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Agriculture: 3.3% (2024 est.)

Industry: 25% (2024 est.)

Services: 62.5% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Production: 14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption: 15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports: 290,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports: 736,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Biomass and waste: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Production: 9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Consumption: 9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Exports: 2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports: 2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption: 220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)

Installed generating capacity: 19.748 million kW (2023 est.)

Consumption: 48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Exports: 13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports: 10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses: 5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)

.ro

a mixture of public and private TV stations; 7 public (2 national, 5 regional) and 187 private TV stations using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; 502 private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting, and 26 using satellite broadcasting

Total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

Total: 6.63 million (2023 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions: 1.96 million (2023 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2023 est.)

Total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified

YR

103 (2025)

Total: 127 (2023)

By type: General cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111

24 (2025)

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; all military inductees contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36; conscription ended in 2006 (2023)

2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)
2.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Romanian Land Forces, Romanian Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force

Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Police, Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Border Police (2025)

the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including Russian aggression against Ukraine, Russia's activities in the Black Sea and in Moldova, cyber attacks, hybrid threats, and terrorism; a key focus for the military is equipment modernization

Romania joined NATO in 2004, and its membership forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland; it also participates in UN peacekeeping missions (2025)

approximately 70,000 active Armed Forces (2025)

the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2025)

470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR); 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025)

Refugees: 184,991 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons: 297 (2024 est.)

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Note: Details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.3GW (2025 est.)

Percent of total electricity production: 18.9% (2023 est.)

develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications; program is integrated into the ESA; participates in EU and international space programs; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy; has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities (2025)

Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2025)

Total global geoparks and regional networks: 2

Global geoparks and regional networks: Buzău; Haţeg (2023)

Total ports: 11 (2024)

Large: 0

Medium: 2

Small: 1

Very small: 8

Ports with oil terminals: 4

Key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea

Chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)

Number of seats: 331 (all directly elected)

Electoral system: Proportional representation

Scope of elections: Full renewal

Term in office: 4 years

Most recent election date: 12/1/2024

Parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)

Percentage of women in chamber: 22.4%

Expected date of next election: November 2028

Chamber name: Senate (Senatul)

Number of seats: 136 (all directly elected)

Electoral system: Proportional representation

Scope of elections: Full renewal

Term in office: 4 years

Most recent election date: 12/1/2024

Parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7)

Percentage of women in chamber: 20.9%

Expected date of next election: November 2028

Energy: 325.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Agriculture: 355.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste: 247.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Other: 11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

1967-1968 - began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities

1981 - first Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft

2010 - domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi)

2012 - first domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate)

2022 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration 

2023 - digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket

32.3 (2022 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality