Luxembourg

Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

49 45 N, 6 10 E

occasional flooding

slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware

air and water pollution in urban areas; soil pollution of farmland

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

0 km (landlocked)

Total: 327 km

Border countries (3): Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km

Agricultural land: 51.3% (2022 est.)

Arable land: 24.1% (2022 est.)

Permanent crops: 0.6% (2022 est.)

Permanent pasture: 26.7% (2022 est.)

Forest: 34.5% (2022 est.)

Other: 14.2% (2022 est.)

none (landlocked)

iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

landlocked

mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

Western Europe, between France and Germany

Europe

0 sq km (2012)

3.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m

Lowest point: Moselle River 133 m

Mean elevation: 325 m

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)

Total : 2,586 sq km

Land: 2,586 sq km

Water: 0 sq km

0-14 years: 16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)

15-64 years: 67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)

65 years and over: 16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)

At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

Total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Noun: Luxembourger(s)

Adjective: Luxembourg

Total: 14 years (2022 est.)

Male: 14 years (2022 est.)

Female: 15 years (2022 est.)

Urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)

Rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Improved:

Urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved:

Urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)

2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

31 years (2020 est.)

Total dependency ratio: 46.6 (2024 est.)

Youth dependency ratio: 23.2 (2024 est.)

Elderly dependency ratio: 23.4 (2024 est.)

Potential support ratio: 4.3 (2024 est.)

Improved:

Urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved:

Urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)

Note: Data represent population by nationality

Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)

Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)

5.5% of GDP (2022)

11% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.79 (2024 est.)

51.4% (2023 est.)

Total: 20.2% (2024 est.)

Male: 16.9% (2024 est.)

Female: 24.2% (2024 est.)

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

10.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Total: 39.9 years (2024 est.)

Male: 39.4 years

Female: 40.4 years

12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

1.63 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Total: 671,254 (2024 est.)

Male: 338,702

Female: 332,552

Total: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Male: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births

Female: 2.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Total: 21% (2025 est.)

Male: 22.1% (2025 est.)

Female: 19.9% (2025 est.)

22.6% (2016)

7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

11.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Total: 11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Beer: 4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine: 4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits: 2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total population: 83.4 years (2024 est.)

Male: 80.9 years

Female: 85.9 years

4.7% of GDP (2022 est.)

10.7% national budget (2022 est.)

1.52% (2024 est.)

Municipal: 43.53 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial: 1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Agricultural: 490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 490,300 tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 42% (2022 est.)

9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

8.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke: 75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids: 7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas: 1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Anthony BAIRD (since 21 July 2025)

Embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City

Mailing address: 5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC  20521-5380

Telephone: [352] 46-01-23-00

FAX: [352] 46-14-01

Email address and website:
Luxembourgconsular@state.gov

https://lu.usembassy.gov/

12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz

Name: Luxembourg

Geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E

Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Etymology: Probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country

History: Previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868

Amendment process: Proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters

Chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000)

Head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)

Cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch

Election/appointment process: The monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

Description: Three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue

History: The colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms

Note: Similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which is shorter and uses a darker blue

1839 (from the Netherlands)

Highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

Judge selection and term of office: Judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life

Subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts

civil law system

Legislature name: Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)

Legislative structure: Unicameral

Number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)

Electoral system: Proportional representation

Scope of elections: Full renewal

Term in office: 5 years

Most recent election date: 10/8/2023

Parties elected and seats per party: Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)

Percentage of women in chamber: 35%

Expected date of next election: October 2028

Note: A 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June

Note: This is not the true date of birth for any of the Royals, but the national festivities were shifted in 1962 to allow observance during a more favorable time of year

Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR 
Christian Social People's Party or CSV 
Democratic Party or DP 
Green Party 
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP 
Pirate Party 
The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche) 

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

constitutional monarchy

Conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Conventional short form: Luxembourg

Local long form: Grand Duché de Luxembourg

Local short form: Luxembourg

Etymology: Probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country

Chief of mission: Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)

Chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171

FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270

Email address and website:
Washington.amb@mae.etat.lu

https://washington.mae.lu/en.html

Consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco

Title: "Ons Heemecht" (Our Motherland)

Lyrics/music: Michel LENTZ/Jean-Antoine ZINNEN

History: Adopted 1864
_____

Title: “De Wilhelmus” (The William)

Lyrics/music: Nikolaus WELTER

History: Adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

red rampant lion

Citizenship by birth: Limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory

Citizenship by descent only: At least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg

Dual citizenship recognized: Yes

Residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

Total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)

Selected World Heritage Site locales: Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications

red, white, light blue

17.3% (2021 est.)

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Lowest 10%: 2.9% (2022 est.)

Highest 10%: 25.6% (2022 est.)

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Revenues: $37.951 billion (2023 est.)

Expenditures: $38.263 billion (2023 est.)

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates:
0.924 (2024 est.)
0.925 (2023 est.)
0.95 (2022 est.)
0.845 (2021 est.)
0.876 (2020 est.)

banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

$93.197 billion (2024 est.)

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Household consumption: 31.6% (2023 est.)

Government consumption: 18.6% (2023 est.)

Investment in fixed capital: 16.1% (2023 est.)

Investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)

Exports of goods and services: 217.8% (2023 est.)

Imports of goods and services: -186.7% (2023 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

350,000 (2024 est.)

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

$2.789 billion (2024 est.)
$2.977 billion (2023 est.)
$2.874 billion (2022 est.)

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

23% of GDP (2017 est.)

Note: Data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

6% (2024 est.)
5.2% (2023 est.)
4.6% (2022 est.)

note: % of labor force seeking employment

27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

$86.871 billion (2024 est.)
$85.984 billion (2023 est.)
$86.584 billion (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

2.1% (2024 est.)
3.7% (2023 est.)
6.3% (2022 est.)

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

$12.877 billion (2024 est.)
$9.861 billion (2023 est.)
$7.509 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$128,200 (2024 est.)
$129,000 (2023 est.)
$132,600 (2022 est.)

note: data in 2021 dollars

$160.032 billion (2024 est.)
$156.818 billion (2023 est.)
$149.751 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

$202.203 billion (2024 est.)
$195.294 billion (2023 est.)
$184.53 billion (2022 est.)

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

1% (2024 est.)
-0.7% (2023 est.)
-1.1% (2022 est.)

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

-1.1% (2024 est.)

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Agriculture: 0.2% (2024 est.)

Industry: 9% (2024 est.)

Services: 81.9% (2024 est.)

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Consumption: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports: 30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)

Imports: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Solar: 37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind: 55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Hydroelectricity: -35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower

Biomass and waste: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Consumption: 556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports: 552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption: 51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Installed generating capacity: 2.212 million kW (2023 est.)

Consumption: 5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Exports: 1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports: 6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses: 141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)

Percent of population: 99% (2024 est.)

.lu

long national tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences; home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Société Européenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available

Total subscriptions: 961,000 (2023 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 137 (2021 est.)

Total: 250,000 (2022 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2022 est.)

Total subscriptions: 260,000 (2022 est.)

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)

Total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified

LX

3 (2025)

Total: 147 (2023)

By type: Bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115

11 (2025)

18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025)

Note 1: Since 2003, the Army has allowed EU citizens 18-24 years of age who have been a resident in the country for at least 36 months to volunteer

Note 2: 2024, women made up about 12% of the military's full-time personnel

2% of GDP (2025 est.)
1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)

Note: The Grand Ducal Police maintain internal security and report to the Ministry of Internal Security

founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949

In 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)

approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)

the inventory of Luxembourg's Army is a small mix of Western origin equipment (2024)

Refugees: 14,344 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)

LSA established largely to develop space policy, encourage and coordinate commercial space ventures, support space education, and to promote the country’s space-related capabilities internationally; has a national space strategy; has set up policy and funding initiatives (such as LuxIMPULSE) aimed at encouraging space research, development, innovation, and entrepreneurship and attracting space-based industries; focused on developing commercial satellites and infrastructure (Luxembourg is home to some of the largest commercial satellite companies in the world), as well as other space sector capabilities and technologies, such as autonomous vehicles, robotics, remote sensing (RS), communications, and software; member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005; participates in a variety of ESA programs and cooperates with individual ESA and EU member states; also has relations with other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, the UAE, and the US (2025)

Note: Further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in the Space Programs reference guide

the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA; established 2018) (2025)

Total global geoparks and regional networks: 1

Global geoparks and regional networks: Mëllerdall (2023)

34.1 (2022 est.)

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality